Tin Oxide

 Tin oxide (SnO2) belongs to the Transparent Conducting Oxide (TCO) family.

 

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     Tin oxide content

     Marcelo Ornaghi Orlandi, In Tin Oxide Materials, 2020

   

     Tin oxide deserves special attention from material scientists because of its numerous uses.  Therefore, the idea of ​​this book was to create a unique place where professors, researchers and readers can get general and specific information about tin oxides and their uses.  In addition to the details of the most well-known tin oxide content (SnO2), lesser known phases, SnO and Sn3O4 properties will also be offered.  The purpose of inspiring this book was to bring together a team of experts working on tin oxide so that they could share their experiences and ideas with the scientific community.  The book begins with an introductory chapter that provides general information about the content of tin oxide, including the origin of the name, the world's largest mineral deposits, some of its physical and chemical properties, and the tin in our lives.  The role of oxides is involved.  The basics of tin oxide, including its crystal line structure, as well as its electrical and thermal properties, are provided in the following chapters, as are some methods of synthesis of tin oxide nanoparticles, 1D materials, and thin films.  The last part of the book explores the most important use of tin oxides in modern times.  I hope readers will enjoy visiting the chapters and discovering the beauty tin oxides that humans can provide.

 

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     The use of tin oxide-based materials in catalysis

     Pandian Manjunathan, Ganpati V Shanbhag, In Tin Oxide Materials, 2020

     Abstract

     Tin oxide is a versatile metal oxide due to its two properties.  The condition of the variable valence and the existence of defects in the oxygen space.  Therefore, tin oxide is potentially widely used in catalysis, electrolysis, solar energy conversion, antistatic coatings, transparent conductive electrodes, and electrochromic devices.  Tin oxide-based materials play an important role in catalysis due to hereditary acidity and the presence of redox characters.  Properties in tin oxide can be modified by introducing cation or anion species into its structure and interactions with other oxides.  This chapter focuses on the types of tin oxide-based materials, such as mesoporous and nano-tin oxides, alloys of metallic oxide (M-Sn-oxide), alloy oxides and tin oxides as catalysts, and their use in catalysis.  They are reported to be highly effective catalysts in a wide variety of reactions such as biomass conversion, biodiesel synthesis, glycerol conversion, prince reaction, and cyclic reaction.  In addition, the use of tin oxide-based materials as photocatalysts for degradation and hydrogen evolution reactions and their use as catalysts in photoelectrocatyles is further discussed.

 

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     Tin oxide electrodes in Li and Na ion batteries

     Hero Notohara, ... Osamo Moriguchi, In Tin Oxide Materials, 2020

     Abstract

     Tin oxide is a potential candidate for high-capacity electrode materials for Li-ion batteries.  However, its reactions with SnO2-Sn conversion and Sn-Li alloying / dealloying-based Li-ions are usually irreversible, leading to severe reduction in capacity during charge-discharge cycling.  Much research work has been devoted to overcoming this problem.  In this chapter, Section 14.1 provides a brief description of Li-ion batteries, and then introduces the basic charge / discharge feature of tin oxide with the problem of applying it to Li-ion batteries (Section 14.2).  Some methods for overcoming the problem with small size and morphology controls such as nanoparticles, nanotubes, and holo nano-spares are summarized (Section 14.3).  The development of compounds of tin oxide and carbon materials such as unsecured carbon, carbon nanotubes, and graphene sheets has been introduced more efficiently (Section 14.4).  In addition, the design of composite structures for high performance is also discussed.  The use of all-solid state Li-ion batteries and non-ion batteries based on tin oxide is also mentioned (Section 14.5).  The final section refers to the practical application of nanomaterials based on tin oxide.

 

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     Method of preparation of tin oxide particles using alkoxide precipitation

     Shuuichi Towata, ... Nobuyasu Mizutani, in Advanced Material '93, I, 1994

     Monodispersed tin oxide particles were prepared by hydrolysis of aloxide in a mixed solvent of n-octanol and acetonitrile.  As the solubility of the alkoxide in the mixed solvent decreased, a portion of the alkoxide was accelerated.  These emulsion particles were closely related to the preparation and development of solid oxide particles.  Monodispersed tin oxide particles were thought to be formed by emulsion of aloxide.  Monodispersed spherical tin oxide particles were approximately 0.3–0.7 قطرm in diameter.  The effects of water concentration, the role of estonitrile and N-actanol in solvents, and the age of aging in the form of tin oxide particles were investigated.  The hydrolysis rate of tin n-butoxide can be controlled in a mixed solvent of n-octanol and acetonitrile.  The best condition for preparation was established.  And, the mechanism of formation of this process was also discussed.

 

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     Tin oxide based thin film transistors and their circuits

     Hongtao Cao, Lingyan Liang, in Tin Oxide Materials, 2020

     15.5 TFTs and possible on tin oxides in circuits

     Tin oxides and their composite semiconductors have been used not only in displays but also in sensors, detectors, power transmissions, biosystems, synaptic devices, and many other emerging multifunctional devices and systems.  Despite advances over the past decade, there are still barriers to real application beyond optical displays.  Particular attention should be paid to aspects of future research and development: from materials (composite strategy, high-performance p-type oxide, newly designed n-type oxide blends with ultra-low electron efficient mass, ultra larger than IGZO  Wide band gap, narrow band gap - composite, mix between oxide and 2D material, and so on, fabric technique (vacuum based, solution based, direct print, etc.), material performance (all kinds of basic  Features), and device and system applications (passive or active devices, two or three or even multi-terminal devices, planar integration systems, 3D integration systems, etc.). Finally, future communication manufacturing costs of oxide-based materials  In this regard, tin oxide has natural benefits. Once these problems are resolved, oxide semiconductor based devices and systems promise to be used in everyday things. In this case,  The oxide family, the tin oxide, of course, will contribute to the development of humanity as it did in the C era.

 

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     Tin oxide structure and electronic structure

     Julia Seville, ... Graeme W. Watson, In Tin Oxide Materials, 2020

     Abstract

     Tin oxide materials are technically important materials for applications including catalysts, transparent conducting oxides, and battery materials.  The structure and electronic structure of these materials play a key role in determining their properties and applications.  In this chapter, we discuss the crystal line structure of SnO2, SnO, and Sn3O4, using both experimental data and computed data from Density Functional Theory (DFT).  , Discusses the electronic structure of these tons of oxide material by studying data from existing experimental studies using methods such as X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES), hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES).  X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS).  Electronic structures are further studied using different levels of DFT (general gradient estimation and hybrid DFT), in which band structures and state densities are used to clarify specific characteristics of electronic structures and compare them with experimental data.  Are used for  The effects of single pairing in SnO and Sn3O4 have also been highlighted and discussed.

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     Nano-formed semiconductor oxides formed by anodic oxidation of metal Sn

     Leszek Zaraska, ... Grzegorz D. Sulka, in Nanostructured Anodic Metal Oxides, 2020

     11.1 Introduction

     Tin oxides such as SnO2, SnO, and mixed valence oxides (Sn2O3 or Sn3O4) have been extensively researched due to their exceptional semiconductor properties that make them promising candidates for many innovative applications.  Band Gap (~ 3.6 eV) n-type semiconductor with high electronic conductivity and high optical transparency in visible range widely used as transparent electrode material in various devices including solar cells, 2 light emitting diodes, and others.  Is done  Electrical properties change significantly during oxidizing and reducing gases, SnO2 is still one of the most popular semiconductor materials used in gas sensors.  And acts as a support for other catalysts.  Mic conductors with a narrow band gap (2.5–3.4 eV) and high hole mobility including a variety of applications including optoelectronic and electronic devices, gas sensors, and catalysts.  , It offers even more optical capacity (875 mA h g − 1) than SnO2 (783 mA h g − 1g).  -Type semiconductor which, due to its very small band gap (2.3–2.8 eV), is able to absorb a wide range of visible light, which makes it a promising candidate for visible photocatalysts.  10–12 Finally, mixed phase systems such as SnO – SnO2 form p – n heterojunction, can demonstrate improved gas sensing performance 13,14 and photocatalytic activity.

     It is widely known that further improvements in the performance of semiconductors can be achieved by using nano-structural materials instead of their bulk counterparts, mostly (but not only) due to their extremely high area and limited size.  because.  Therefore, over the past decade, many studies have focused on the controllable synthesis of different nano-architectures of different tin oxides.  3,16,17 In this context, the process of electrochemical oxidation of metal substrates, a simple, inexpensive, and easily expandable method for the fabrication of nano-structured metal oxides, seems particularly interesting.  Despite a generation of oxide films per ton through anodic oxidation in 18–20 different electrolytes has been studied for decades, 21–24 the first work describing anodic formation.  Since the layers of nanoparticle tin oxide were published by Shin and co-workers, more than 60 papers have been published, most of which have produced nanoporous oxide films by anodizing different metal subsets in different electrolytes.  Has gone  26-28 However, this method has also been used to synthesize nano-structured tin oxide, such as with flower-like patterns 29 or nanoparticles.

     Therefore, in this chapter, we present for the first time a detailed overview of the most important achievements in the formation of various nano-structured tin oxides by simple anodic oxidation of metal tin.  Particular attention is paid to the requirements that must be met in order to obtain crack-free nanoparticles SnOx films, as well as efforts to control the synthesis of oxide layers with a precisely designed shape and texture.  Examples of practical use of nanostructured anodic tin oxides are also given.

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     Ionic conductivity of metal oxides: an essential property for all solid state lithium ion batteries

     C. Chen, ... P.H.L.  Newton, Metal Oxide-Based Thin Film Structures, in 2018

     16.1.12 SnO, SnO2, PbO, and PbO2

     Tin oxides, such as SnO and SnO2, have become increasingly popular as potential alternatives to conventional graphite anodes.  The main reason for this is that they show superior theoretical abilities (SnO: 875 mAh / g, SnO2: 782 mAh / g), which is superior to graphite (372 mAh / g).  It is well established that the reaction of tin oxide with Li + consists of two stages:

     (16.6) SnOx + 2xLi ++ 2xe− → Sn + xLi2Ox = 1,2

     (16.7) Sn + yLi ++ ye-↔LiySn0≤y≤4.4

     During the first discharge process, tin oxides in the form of Li2O and metal Sn will be lithium in the possible range of 0.95–1.2 V, as shown by Eq.  (16.6).  This phase is irreversible, which leads to the initial irreversible potential, but is necessary to obtain a completely reversible change from Sn to Li4.4Sn below 0.7 V (16.7).

     However, the massive expansion of more than 250% of the volume in the second phase results in severe polarization of the active substance, particle breakage, loss of contact, and ultimately poor stability of the cycling.  The common strategy is to wrap SnOx with carbonaceous materials [86,87] or to design a novel nanostructured SnOx [86,88,89].  At the same time, SnO2 thin films were reported to exhibit more reversible emission capabilities and longer cycle life than SnO2 powder electrodes.  SnO2 thin films are made as anodes in Li-ion batteries using several different techniques, including RF-magnetron sputtering [90,91], CVD [92], PLD [93], electrostatic spray deposition [94]  ], And the sol-gel method [95].

     Lead-based oxides (PbO and PbO2), like SnOx, have (de) lithium performance, which can be represented.

     (16.8) PbOx + 2xLi ++ 2xe− → Pb + xLi2Ox = 1,2

     (16.9) Pb + yLi ++ ye − ↔LiyPb0≤y≤4.4

     On the first discharge cycle, PbOx converts to Pb with the irreversible formation of Li2O.  Like SnOx's electrochemical behavior, the formation of Li2O will result in a large capacity loss in the first lithiation cycle.  Only LiyPb alloys (Eq. 16.9) can be inverted to a potential range of 0.1–0.6 V, giving a total storage capacity of 529 mAh / g for PbO and 493 mAh / g for PbO2.  ۔

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     Modified electrochemical sensors in metal oxide carbon nanotubes nanocomposite for toxic chemicals

     Piyush Kumar Sonkar, Velayachmi Ganesan, in nano-composite electrochemical sensors for toxic chemicals in metal oxide, 2021

     6.6 CNTs and tin oxide compounds

     Tin oxide (SnO2) is an important metal oxide in the field of electrochemistry because of its low cost and ability to reverse redox.  Developed by a nanocomposite electrochemical templating method based on SnO2 and cofunctionalized SWCNTs [80].  Electrochemical-assisted methods are used for the functionalization of SWCNTs with SnO2 (SWCNTs-SnO2).  Furthermore, electrode positions of metal nanoparticles were performed at SnO2 level.  Three different metal catalysts, palladium, platinum, and gold, were used to detect various toxic gases.  SWCNTs-SnO2-modified electrodes are sensitive to toxic gases such as NH3, NO2, H2, H2S, and water vapor [80].  Mendoza etc.  CNTs-SnO2 developed a composite film-based room temperature gas sensor.  It exhibited gas sensing properties for ethanol, methanol, and H2S up to ppm levels at room temperature and ambient pressure.  It heals itself in 1 minute without heat or other sources of energy [81].  The configuration of the electrochemical gas sensor and the sensing of the gases are shown in Figure 8.9.

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     Figure 8.9.  Sensor voltage response to alcohol vapor in cyclic exposure: (a) methanol and (b) ethanol.  Construction of gas sensing device (C).

     Reproduced with permission of F. Mendoza, D.M.  Hernández, V. Makarov, E. Febus, B.R.  Weiner, G. Morrell, Ton Dioxide Carbon Nanotubes Room Temperature Gas Sensors Based on Composite Films, Sense Actuators B190 (2014) 227–233.

 

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     Nanostructured thin films

     Lucina Gerzidzel, Mackay Krzyzewski, at Frontiers of Nanoscience, 2019

     3.1.1 SnO2, SnO1 <x <2 / CuPc

     Tin oxide structures are important components of the technology of various optoelectronic devices, such as OLED or PV as transparent conducting oxide electrodes [39,40].  In addition to the application of wide band gap (e.g. 3.6 eV [41]) stoichiometric SnO2, deviations from the ideal stoichiometric forms SnOx (1 <x <2) draw attention due to lack of oxygen or conductivity driven by impure dupents  does.  Crystallographic errors and additives lead to the creation of additional occupied electronic states in the band gap that affect the firm's level energy position and charge carrier concentration [42,43].  Both yield tin oxide layers, highly controlled vacuum conditions (e.g., epitaxial growth [44], accumulation of laser-affected chemical vapors [45], rheotaxial growth, and thermal or vacuum oxidation) [46,47]  ]), And more realistic.  Near mass production civil-gel technology [48], nano-structured inorganic-organic interfaces can form suitable ultrathane layers for construction.

     The ideal interface between the thermally deposited 1-nm-thick SnO2 layer and the 5-nm-CuPc film was investigated by Hong et al.  [40].  The interface shown by the combined results of SRPES, NEXAFS, and UPS is electronically separated.  A small interface of 0.50 eV detects no chemical interaction at the Dupole CuPc-on-SnO2 junction.  SnO2-on-CuPc's inverted interface reflects a strong interface dupole effect reaching 0.65 eV [40].  For this construction, the authors said that the thermally absorbed Sn atoms spread in CuPc resulting in the formation of metal-organic Sn2CuPc compounds.  In support of this hypothesis, the authors point to additional vacuum conditions above the upper part of the Valence band as envisioned in Figure 8.3A, as well as nitrogen atoms in the Sn12-on-CuPc's N 1s SRPES spectrum.  With the traces of chemical reactions can be detected.  [40].  During the NEXAFS study, the shift of the peaks attributed to N 1s, π منت transfers by 0.25 eV was observed towards low photonic energy with respect to the CuPc-on-SnO2 ones for SnO2-on-CuPc.  At the same time, during high film development, as shown in Figure 8.3B and C, SnO2 increases the primary surface peaks produced by phthalocyanine by 0.15 and 0.25 eV by 0.15 and 0.25 eV.  Detected for -on-CuPc and CuPc-on-.  SnO2 junction, respectively.  It was attributed by Hong et al.  [40] To bend the band upwards which is only present on the CuPc side as shown in Figure 8.3D and E, [40] schematically through the energy band diagram.

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     Figure 8.3.  Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy spectra of the Valence Band Max (VBM) region (A) for both SnO2-on-CuPc and CuPc-on-SnO2 interfaces.  Significant differences in SnO2 (upper spectrum) conditions may be triggered by Sn proliferation.  Sn12-on-CuPc and CuPc-on-SnO2 (B and C) C1s peak synchrotron radiation photo-emission spectroscopy spectra, respectively.  The top of the C 1s is marked in three components: scented carbon in benzene color (C – C), carbon attached to nitrogen atoms in pyrol rings (N – CN), and satellite of N – CN bonds.  The change in energy level that ΔE represents.  Schematic energy band diagram in two interfaces: SnO2-on-CuPc (D) and CuPc-on-SnO2 (E).  The hole injection barrier is shown as BH [40].  Homo, the most occupied molecular orbital band;  LUMO, the lowest nonlinear molecular orbital band.

     K. Hong, K. Kim, S. Kim, S.Y.  Reprint and tweak with permission.  Kim, J.L.  Lee, Jay-Z.  Chem C 115 (2011) 23107. Copyright (2011) American Chemical Society.

     The integrated effects of interface dupole and band bending allow the setting of a hole injection barrier as 0.60 and 0.95 eV for interface with CuPc up and down, respectively.  Finally, the difference in interfacial condition was confirmed during OLED operation, when the CuPc-on-SnO2 structure showed smaller operation voltage and greater light than the reverse one [40].

     Interfacial potential barrier parameters (such as changes in surface work function, bending of energy bands in the substrate, and changes in potential in organic coatings) can also be identified using total current spectroscopy.  TSC) Method [49]: The formation of the interface between polycrystalline line, thermally deposited SnO2 (500 nm-thick) and CuPc (up to 10 nm) overlayers was investigated by TSC investigations by Komolov et al.  [49].  Like Hong et al.  [40], they did not reveal a change in the energy level of the SnO2 substrate as a function of CuPc film development, which indicates a decrease in band bending in tin dioxide as a result of interaction with phthalocyanine molecules.  ۔  Furthermore, TSC revealed a decrease of 15 0.15 eV in CuPc work function during the development of the organic layer up to a thickness of 1.5 nm and then a continuous increase of 10 0.10 eV which saturated the 8 nm layer [49].  The authors interpret these results as the effect of negative charge transfer to inorganic substrate, emphasizing the donor role of CuPc molecules [49].

     The new characteristics of the formation of inorganic-organic interfaces are due to the combination of substochemometric civil-gel-formed SnO1 <x <2 oxide nanolizers due to the presence of (1) oxygen spaces and (2) CuPc ultrathan film.  Increased conductivity due to addition.  Space [48].  The chemical and electronic properties of the buried civil-gel SnOx / CuPc junction were examined in a non-destructive in-depth analysis based on ADXPS in collaboration with PYS [48].  A sudden change of 0.23 eV in the work function at the interface (shown in Figure 8.4A) was detected by PYS and assigned to the dupole effect of the interface [48].  Figure 8.4B presents the results of quantitative ADXPS analysis of the energy positioning of SnOx deep and shallow core surfaces near the C interface.  One can see the constant change towards the lower BE of about 0.50 eV and deep core O 1s, Sn 3d levels ∼0.20 eV.  This effect was explained by the charge transfer attached to the interface which led to the bending of the band upwards in the oxide and was not observed to form the interface between the CuPc nanolayer and the stoichiometric SnO2 form [40,49].  ۔  By CuPc, a shallow C 2p energy level shift was found (Fig. 8.4C): more binding energy around the oxide interface ∼0.5 eV and opposite the surface.  The intensity of CuPc's C 2p signal changes indicates that this level played a key role in the transfer of charge through the interface as part of CuPc's aromatic system.  Furthermore, as shown in Figure 8.4D, the change of C 2p variation towards the lower BE of phthalocyanine, resulting in deeper basal surfaces C 1s, N 1s, Cu 2p near the CuPc surface, as seen  Probably due to environmental oxidation [48].  Finally, the variation of the depth-dependent surfaces allowed the band-like outline of the building presented in Figure 8.4E and described the direction of negative charge transfer from the inorganic substrate to the organic overlay during the formation of the interface. [48]  ۔

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     Figure 8.4.  Photo emission reveals the spectroscopy spectrum of the naked civil-gel SnOx and SnOx / CuPc structures (A).  Inset represents the CuPc contribution extracted from the aggregate signal.  The ADXPS results of the basic level binding energy shift as a take-off angle (TOA) function for the species (B) related to the central SnOx;  Variation of energy level binding energy related to Valence band as a function of TOA (C);  CuPc-related energy level changes as a function of depth of information.  Inset: Binding the change of energy distance as a function of TOA for the basic levels (D) related to the main SnOx- and CuPc is not equal to any change from the initial value equal to 0 shift.  All the values ​​offered in the band-like diagram (E) eV representing depth-dependent variations in energy level alignment for the investigated SnOx / CuPc structure developed on the basis of two photo-emission experiments (E) [48].

     Reproduced (partially adapted) from M. Krzywiecki, L. Grządziel, A. Sarfraz, A. Erbe, Phys.  Cam Cam Physics 19 (2017) 11816. Posted by PCCP Owner Societies.

     For the case of SnO1 <x <2 nanolayers obtained using the RGVO technique, the configuration of the interface during the assembly of the ultrathin CuPc overlayer revealed some disruption in the transfer of charge through the junction [50].  Buried interface features monitored by depth and energy-soluble photo-emission modes: ADXPS and UPS.  Around the bare RGVO-SnOx surface, Sn 3d, O 1s, and Sn 4d core levels had no identifiable energy change except for a small change in the C 1s component as shown in Figure 8.5A [50].  The last mentioned ingredient is caused by contaminating organic matter, probably from carbon in the form of long alveolar chains, which is present on the surface of the RVVO ton oxide exposed to air.  The movement of carbon species towards higher BE near the surface may indicate the existence of a surface dopole-like or charging effect.  After collecting the CuPc thin film, studies showed no significant change in the energy position of the core surface on either side of the junction in the area of ​​the RGVO-SnOx / CuPc interface (Fig. 8.5B) [50].  However, the UPS detected a significant change in the working function of 0.4 eV between the two materials, as shown in Figure 8.5C and D, indicating the appearance of the interface dupole effect [50].  This effect revealed a rearrangement of the local electronic charge which was reflected in a possible sudden change in the interface [51,52].  Thus, as shown in the built-in band diagram (Fig. 8.5E), there was no extended (lengthwise) redistribution of mobile charge carriers in the organic layers, known as "band bending" or constant energy levels.  Conceived by shift, in order to achieve electronics.  Equilibrium with the alignment of the vertical surfaces on both sides of the contact [51].  The lack of mobile charge interaction was attributed to the presence of carbon absorbers in the interface that can pin energy levels.  Finally, away from the interface, in close proximity to the CuPc surface, the phthalocyanine-related base surfaces shifted to the lower BE as a result of the ambient air reaction of the 0.2 eV surface, which increased the absorption of oxidizing agents in the atmosphere.  Can provoke  Concentration in the underground area

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     Figure 8.5.  The ADXPS core level energy recorded with different take off angles (TOA) for Sn 3d5 / 2, O 1s, C 1s, and Sn 4d energy areas of RGVO-SnOx (A) is deeply dependent for CuPc /  Core Surface Energy Shifts RGVO-SnOx (B) Bare RGVO-SnOx Layers (C) and RGVO-SnOx / CuPc Structures (D) Energy Surface Outline (E) Energy Surface Positioning by Photo Emission Methods  UPS results presented by  Roman numerals in brackets correspond to sub-level (I) of RGVO-SnOx;  (II) - Area of ​​interaction with the surface environment of the naked RGVO-SnOx;  (III) RGVO-SnOx / CuPc interface;  (IV) -CuPc layer  (V) - CuPc - Region with Environmental Interaction.  All values ​​are given in eV [50].  RGVO, rheumatoid arthritis and vacuum oxidation.

    ۔

     As a result, research has focused on the effects of atmospheric oxide surface emissions on the creation of electronically efficient hybrid interfaces.  The presence of parasitic adsorbents will reduce the alignment of energy levels and impede the transfer of mobile charge.