Jupiter Planet

 Jupiter

   Planet

   What is the duration of Jupiter's revolution?

   When was the Jupiter ring discovered?

   Is Jupiter the largest planet in the solar system?

   What is Jupiter made of?

 

  

   Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system and the fifth planet from the Sun.  It is one of the brightest objects in the night sky.  Only the moon, Venus and sometimes Mars are more spectacular.

   Jupiter is photographed by Voyager 1.

   On February 1, 1979, Voyager 1 photographed Jupiter at a distance of 32.7 million kilometers (20.3 million miles).  Notable are the planet's pastel-shaded cloud bands and the Great Red Spot (lower center).

 

   When the ancient astronomers named the planet Jupiter for the gods and Roman rulers of the heavens (also known as Joo), they had no idea of ​​the actual dimensions of the planet, but the name is apt.  Because Jupiter is bigger than all the other planets.  It takes about 12 Earth years to orbit the Sun, and it revolves once every 10 hours, which is twice as fast as the Earth.  Its colorful cloud band can also be seen through a small telescope.  It has a narrow system of circles and 79 known moons, one planet larger than Mercury and three larger than Earth's moon.  Some astronomers speculate that Jupiter's moon Europa is hidden beneath an icy layer of warm water - and possibly some kind of life.

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   Jupiter is the source of internal heat.  It emits more energy than it receives from the sun.  The pressure inside it is so high that the hydrogen in it is in a liquid metal state.  This giant has the strongest magnetic field on any planet, whose magnetic sphere is so large that if viewed from Earth, its apparent diameter would be greater than that of the moon.  Jupiter's system is also a source of intense radio noise explosion, with some frequently emitting more energy than the sun.  However, despite all its superior properties, Jupiter is almost entirely composed of only two elements, hydrogen and helium, and its average density does not exceed the density of water.

   View images of Jupiter taken from the Long Horse Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) aboard the New Horizons spacecraft

   View of Jupiter from images taken by the Long Horizons Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) aboard the New Horizons spacecraft.

 

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   The search for three spacecraft missions since the mid-1970s has led to a dramatic increase in information about the Jovian system - Pioneers 10 and 11 in 1973-74, Voyagers 1 and 2 in 1979, and Galileo Orbiter and  probe, which arrived in Jupiter.  December 1995  The Pioneer spacecraft acted as scouts for Voyagers, showing that Jupiter's radiation atmosphere is tolerable and mapping important features of the planet and its atmosphere.  The sheer number of Voyager devices and the growing sophistication provided so much new information that it was still being analyzed at the start of the Galileo mission.  All previous missions were fly-twenty, but Galileo launched an investigation into Jupiter's atmosphere and then went into orbit around the planet until September 2003 to investigate the entire system.  Last two years.  Other views of the Juvenile system were provided by the Cassini spacecraft toward Saturn in the late 2000's and early 2001's, and in 2007 via the Pluto via the New Horizons spacecraft's flyby.  Observations of the effects of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9's scattered nucleus with Jupiter's atmosphere in 1994 also revealed its structure and composition.

   Jupiter's crescent view

   Jupiter's crescent scene, a collection of three images taken by Voyager 1 on March 24, 1979.

 

   Jupiter has an equatorial diameter of about 143,000 kilometers (88,900 miles) and orbits the Sun at an average distance of 778 million kilometers (483 million miles).  The table shows additional physical and orbital data for Jupiter.  Of particular interest is the planet's low average density of 1.33 grams per cubic centimeter - in contrast to Earth's 5.52 grams per cubic centimeter - combined with its large dimensions and massive and short rotation periods.  The low density and large mass indicate that the structure and composition of Jupiter is in stark contrast to that of the Earth and other inner planets, a reduction that is supported by a detailed study of the giant planet's atmosphere and interior.

   Planetary data for Jupiter

   * The planet needs more time to return to the same position in the sky than the sun, as seen from Earth.

   ** Calculated for the height at which atmospheric pressure is applied 1 time.

   Average distance from the sun 778,340,821 km (5.2 AU)

   The eccentricity of the orbit is 0.048

   Tilt of the orbit towards the lunar eclipse 1.3

   Juvenile year (side period of revolution) 11.86 Earth years

   Visual Intensity Average Opposition at .2.70

   Mean synodic period * 398.88 Earth days

   The average orbital speed is 13.1 kilometers per second

   Equatorial radius ** 71,492 km

   Polar radius ** 66,854 km

   Mass 18.98 × 1026 kg

   Average density 1.33 g / cm3

   Gravity ** 2,479 cm / sec2

   Escape speed 60.2 km per second

   Periods of rotation

   System I (10 سے from equator) 9 hours 50 minutes 30 seconds

   System II (high latitude) 9 hours 55 minutes 41 seconds

   System III (magnetic field) 9 hours 55 minutes 29 seconds

   Tilt the equator to 3.1

   Great Red Spot amplitude 20,000 × 12,000 km

   The magnetic field at the equator is 4.3 ga

   Number of known moons 66

   Planetary ring system 1 key ring;  3 Less dense ingredients

   Three rotation cycles are formed within minutes of each other.  The two periods, called System I (9 hours 50 minutes 30 seconds) and System II (9 hours 55 minutes 41 seconds), have average values ​​and refer to the speed of rotation at the equator and high latitude, respectively, as observed.  Shows.  In the visible layers of clouds on the planet.  Jupiter has no solid surface.  The transfer of liquids from the gaseous atmosphere to the interior takes place at great depths.  Thus the difference in the duration of rotation at different latitudes does not mean that the planet itself rotates at any of these average speeds.  In fact, the actual rotation time of Jupiter is System III (9 hours 55 minutes 29 seconds).  This is the period of rotation of Jupiter's magnetic field, first derived from ground-based observations on the radio wavelength (see below the radio emission) and confirmed by direct measurements of the spacecraft.  This period, which is continuous with 30 years of observation, applies to the large interior of the planet, where the magnetic field is formed.

   Space

   Clouds and great red spots

   Even a small telescope can show a lot of detail on Jupiter.  The region of the planet's atmosphere as seen from Earth consists of several different types of clouds that are separated vertically and horizontally.  Changes in these cloud systems can occur at intervals of a few hours, but a basic pattern of latitude currents has maintained its stability for decades.  It has become customary to describe the planet's appearance in terms of a standard name for its alternating dark bands, called belts, and bright bands, called zones.  However, the mainstream seems to have more persistence than this pattern.  For example, the Southern Hemisphere strip has disappeared several times and even disappeared completely (most recently in 2010), reappearing only months or years later.

   Jupiter's computer-generated compound

   Jupiter's computer-generated mixture shows the visible surface of the entire planet and its characteristic cloud band.  In the upper center of the image, there may be four small deep oval rows in a row in the upper atmosphere, which open up to reveal the cloud layers below.

   Computer-generated concept of Jupiter's tropical cloud layers

   Computer-generated imagery of a portion of Jupiter's tropical cloud layers, replicating a scene between layers.  In general, when viewed from space, Jupiter's cloud surfaces are topographically flat.  This false color image combines data from observations of the Galileo spacecraft on three wavelengths of infrared light, which are absorbed at different levels of the atmosphere, and thus information about cloud heights.  Provides which can be used to add relief to the surface.  The image creates a more complex real cloud layer in a simpler model with lower and lower and upper decks.  There is a small cloud formation just above the lower deck (presented in light blue).  To its left (in red-purple) is a "hotspot", a hole in the lower layer of the cloud into which the Galileo probe entered on December 7, 1995.

 

   Closer views of Jupiter moving to Earth via spacecraft show different shapes of clouds, including many elliptical features reminiscent of cyclonic and anticyclonic storm systems on Earth.  All of these systems are in motion, appearing and disappearing over time, varying in size and location.  There is also a difference in the pastel shades of different colors in the cloud layers - from brown to yellow, through brown and blue-gray, to the great red spot of the well-known salmon, to the largest spot on Jupiter.  , The most prominent, and the longest lasting feature.  The chemical differences in cloud composition, which astronomers consider to be the cause of color changes, are clearly due to the vertical and horizontal separation of the cloud system.

   False colored mosaic of the northern hemisphere of Jupiter

   Wrong-colored mosaic of part of Jupiter's northern hemisphere, created from images taken by the Galileo spacecraft on April 3, 1997.  The north is at the top.  More prominent features are the alternating bands of clouds moving east and west, white ellipses, black spots and turbulent whirlpools.  This scene is one of the first to show the different layers in Jupiter's atmosphere: haze in deep purple when the upper atmosphere clouds break, thin high clouds in light blue, dense high clouds in white, and low in the atmosphere.  Clouds appear in reddish colors.  .

 

   Juvenile meteorology can be compared to the global rotation of the Earth's atmosphere.  A large spiral cloud system on Earth is often spread over several latitudes and is associated with movement around high and low pressure areas.  These cloud systems are much less zonal than Jupiter's cloud systems and move in latitude as well as in latitude.  The local climate on Earth is often linked to the local environment, which determines the different nature of the planet's surface.

   False mosaic of great red spot

   Wrong color mosaic of two long-lived white eggs south of the Great Red Spot, collected from photographs taken by the Galileo spacecraft on February 19, 1997.  These colors represent the relative height and density of different clouds in Jupiter's atmosphere.  Light blue clouds, such as in the center of an egg, are high and thin.  The white clouds around the blue are at the same height but dense.  And above the ellipses there is a deep purple haze that reaches the stratosphere.

 

   Jupiter has no solid surface - hence, no topographic features - and the planet's massive rotation is dominated by latitudinal currents.  The lack of a solid surface with physical boundaries and regions with different thermal capacities makes the persistence of these currents and the associated cloud patterns even more remarkable.  The Great Red Spot, for example, moves longitudinally with respect to the planet's three rotating systems, yet it does not move in latitude.  White eggs found at latitude just south of the Great Red Spot exhibit this pattern.  White eggs of this size are not found anywhere on the planet.  Dark brown clouds, apparently with holes in the bottom of the black cloud, are found almost exclusively near latitude 18 ° N.  The strongest thermal emissions are found in blue-gray or purple regions found in the planet's equator.  Juno's observations revealed that the poles were covered in earth-sized storms.

 

   Despite extensive observations of Voyager, Galileo and Juno spacecraft, the exact nature of Jupiter's unique great red spot was still unknown at the beginning of the 21st century.  On a planet whose lifespan of cloud patterns is usually calculated in days, the Great Red Dot has been observed continuously since 1878 and may even be the same storm that was observed from 1665 to 1713.  Approximately 48,000 km (30,000 miles) from its maximum, space is shrinking by the end of the 19th century, and since 2012 the area, once defaultly elliptical, has become more rounded and 900  Kilometers (580 miles) are shrinking at a rapid rate per year.  Its current size is approximately 16,350 km (10,159 miles) wide, large enough to easily accommodate the Earth.  These large dimensions are probably responsible for the longevity of this feature and possibly its distinctive color.

   Great red spot

   The true color image of Jupiter's great red spot is taken by the Juno spacecraft.

 

   The duration of rotation of the Great Red Spot around the planet does not correspond to any of Jupiter's three orbital periods.  It represents a variable that has not been successfully associated with other Juvenile phenomena.  Voyager's observations revealed that matter inside the spacecraft rotates counterclockwise once every seven days, corresponding to winds of up to 400 kilometers (250 miles) per hour from the hurricane.  Voyager Images also recorded a large number of interactions between the Great Red Spots and very small current interruptions at the same latitude.  The interior of the space is remarkably quiet, with no clear evidence of the expected rise (or departure) of the material from the lower depths.

   Great red spot

   Jupiter's Great Red Spot (upper right) and surrounding area, as seen from Voyager 1 on March 1, 1979.  Below this space is one of the large white eggs associated with this feature.

 

   The Great Red Spot, therefore, appears to be a huge anticyclone, a whirlpool or an eddy with a diameter probably greater than the depth that allows this feature to reach below and above the critical layers of the cloud.  The red spot is heating up Jupiter's upper atmosphere from below and heating it up to hundreds of degrees, which would be expected only from solar heat.  The lower expansion of the spot remains to be observed.

   Jupiter's Great Red Spot

   Pictures of Jupiter's Great Red Spot and its surroundings, taken on Voyager 1, February 25, 1979.  To the left of the white egg, observed since the 1930s, and to the left of the Great Red Spot, there are numerous areas of turmoil.

 

   Cloud composition

   Jupiter's clouds form at different heights in the planet's atmosphere.  With the exception of the upper part of the Great Red Spot, white clouds are the highest, with a cloud top temperature of approximately 120 K (K ؛ 40240 ° F, or 50150 ° C).  These white clouds are composed of frozen ammonia crystals, thus resembling water clouds in the Earth's atmosphere.  Clouds that are widely distributed on the planet are at the lower levels.  They appear to form at temperatures of about 200 K (00100 ° F, −70 ° C), suggesting that they probably contain concentrated ammonium hydro sulfide and that their color is similar to other ammonia sulfur compounds.  Such as ammonium polysulfides.  .  Sulfur compounds are potentially referred to as dyeing agents because the universe contains relatively high sulfur and hydrogen sulfide is absent from the atmosphere of Jupiter, especially above the clouds.

   Jupiter: South Tropical Zone

   Jupiter's southern tropical zone was observed by the Juno spacecraft on May 19, 2017.  Small white clouds consist of water and ammonia ice and form towers 50 km (30 miles) wide and 50 km high.

 

   Jupiter consists mainly of hydrogen and helium.  Under equilibrium conditions - allowing all the elements present at an average temperature to react with each other for the visible part of the Jovian atmosphere - to combine with hydrogen of abundant chemically active elements  Is expected.  Thus it was estimated that methane, ammonia, water, and hydrogen sulfide would be present.  With the exception of hydrogen sulfide, all of these compounds have been found through spectroscopic observations from the ground.  The apparent absence of hydrogen sulfide can be understood if it combines with ammonia to form postulate ammonium hydro sulfide clouds.  In fact, hydrogen sulfide was detected in the atmosphere by the Galileo probe.  The absence of identifiable hydrogen sulfide on the clouds, however, suggests that the chemistry that produces colored sulfur compounds (if any) is driven by local electrical emissions rather than ultraviolet radiation from the sun.  In fact, the reasons for the colors on Jupiter are indeterminate, although investigators have developed a number of viable hypotheses.

   Jupiter: Cloud waves.

   Cloud waves on Jupiter as seen by the Juno spacecraft, May 19, 2017.

  

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   Sulfur compounds have also been suggested to describe the dark brown color of ammonia clouds that are still found at lower levels, where the measured temperature is 260 K (8 ° F, −13 ° C).  These clouds are seen through objects that seem to have holes in the mound clouds everywhere.  They appear bright in Jupiter's images, which are made up of its thermal radiation, which is found at a wavelength of five micrometers according to their high temperature.

   The color of the Great Red Spot is attributed to the presence of complex organic molecules, red phosphorus, or any other sulfur compound.  Laboratory experiments support these views, but in each case there are counter-arguments.  Dark regions are found near the tops of white plum clouds near the planet's equator, where temperatures have been measured up to 300 K (80 ° F, 27 ° C).  Despite their bluish-gray appearance, these so-called hot spots have a reddish hue.  They appear to be cloud-free areas - hence their ability to "see" at great depths and measure high temperatures - which exhibit a bluish (reddish scattering of sunlight) reddish material.  Is covered with a thin haze.  That these so-called hot spots occur only near the equator, elliptical dark brown clouds are only about 18 ° N in latitude, and the most prominent red color on the planet appears only in the great red spots that  There is a localization of chemistry that is amazing.  Dynamically dynamic environment.

   Still at lower depths in the atmosphere, astronomers expect to find clouds of water ice and water droplets, both of which contain dilute solutions of ammonium hydroxide.  Nevertheless, when the Galileo spacecraft probe entered Jupiter's atmosphere on December 7, 1995, it failed to locate these water clouds, although it survived to a pressure level of 22 bar, which is the sea level on Earth.  Was about 22 times the surface pressure.  The temperature was over 400 K (260 ° F, 130 ° C).  In fact, the investigation did not even detect the upper cloud layers of ammonia and ammonium hydro sulfide.  Unfortunately for the study of Juvenile Cloud Physics, the probe entered the atmosphere in a hot spot where the clouds were missing, probably due to a large-scale meteorological phenomenon related to the down-draft observed in some storms on Earth.  Had happened

   Characteristics of the environment

   Ingredients ratio

   Prior to the deployment of the Galileo probe, astronomers relied on planetary spectrum studies to provide information on the structure, temperature and pressure of the atmosphere.  In a specific version of this technique, called absorption spectroscopy, light or thermal radiation wavelengths from the planet (in colors, in visible light, such as in a rainbow) are transmitted by a scattering element in a spectrograph.  The resulting spectrum consists of discrete intervals, or lines, on which energy is absorbed by the components of the planet's atmosphere.  By measuring the exact wavelength at which it is absorbed and comparing the results with the spectra of gases obtained in the laboratory, astronomers can identify the gases in Jupiter's atmosphere.

   The presence of methane and ammonia in Jupiter's atmosphere was first estimated in 1930, while hydrogen was first discovered in 1960.  Weakened with electromagnetic waves.) Subsequent studies added to the list of new components, including the discovery of the arsenic compound arsenic in 1990.  Observations of environmental research

   Abundance of space for Jupiter

   Gas Percentage Measurement (relative to hydrogen) Jupiter / Sun ratio

   Types of balance

   Hydrogen (H2) 86.4

   Helium 13.56 Helium-4 0.81

   Water (H2O)> 0.026 Oxygen> 0.82

   Methane (CH4) 0.21 Carbon 2.9 ± 0.5

   Ammonia (NH3) 0.07 Nitrogen 3.6 ± 0.5

   Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) 0.007 Sulfur 2.5 ± 0.2

   Hydrogen Deuteroid (HD) 0.004 Deuterium No Deuterium on the Sun

   neon (Ne) 0.002 neon-20 0.10 ± 0.01

   argon (Ar) 0.002 argon-36 2.5 ± 0.5

   Krypton (Kr) 6 × 10−8 krypton-84 2.7 ± 0.5

   xenon (Xe) 6 × 10−9 xenon-132 2.6 ± 0.5

   Unbalanced species

   Phosphine (PH3) 5 × 10−5 Phosphorus 0.8

   Germin (GeH4) 6 × 10−8 Germinium 0.05

   Arsenic (AsH3) 2 × 10−8 Arsenic 0.5

   Carbon monoxide (CO) 1 × 10−7

   Carbon dioxide (CO2) was found in the stratosphere.

   Ethane (C2H6) 1–4 × 10−4 (stratosphere)

   acetylene (C2H2) 3–9 × 10−6 (stratosphere)

   Ethylene (C2H4) 6 × 10−7 (North Pole)

   Benzene (C6H6) 2 × 10−7 (North Pole)

   Propane (C3H4) 2 × 10−7 (North Pole)

   The number of species discovered has not yet been determined.

   Methyl Radical (CH3) (Polar Regions)

   Propane (C3H8)

   diacetylene (C4H2) (polar region)

   If the chemical balance in Jupiter's atmosphere is strictly maintained, one would not expect to find molecules such as carbon monoxide or phosphine in measured abundance.  Nor would one expect traces of acetylene, ethane, and other hydrocarbons found in the stratosphere.  Obviously, there are sources of energy other than molecular kinetic energy according to local temperature.  Solar ultraviolet radiation is responsible for the breakdown of methane, and the subsequent reaction with its fragments produces acetylene and ethane.  In the region of atmospheric motion, lightning (observed by Voyager and Galileo spacecraft) contributes to these processes.  Even deeper, at a temperature of 1,200 K (1,700 ° F, 930 ° C), carbon monoxide is formed by a reaction between methane and water vapor.  The vertical mix must be strong enough to carry the gas to a region where it can be discovered from outer space.  Some carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water come into the atmosphere from icy particles that bombard the planet from space.

   Galileo's research involved a mass spectrometer that first detected atoms and molecules in the atmosphere by first charging them and then expanding them according to their magnetic field.  The advantage of this technique was that it could measure great gases like helium and neon that do not interact with visible and infrared light.  As the probe landed in the air on its parachute, its spectrometer also studied variations in height and frequency.  The experiment eventually detected the previously missing hydrogen sulfide, which was found in the atmosphere less than expected.  Apparently, this cloud-forming gas, like ammonia and water vapor, was eliminated by the above-mentioned down-draft in the upper part of the hot spot.  It was not possible to measure oxygen, as this element is trapped in the water, and the probe did not sink deep enough into a hot spot to reach the region of the atmosphere where these condensable vapors are well mixed.

   The elemental abundance in Jupiter's atmosphere can be compared to the structure of the Sun (see the two columns to the right of the table).  If, like the Sun, the planet is formed by a simple thickening of the early solar nebula, which is thought to have given birth to the solar system, then their basic multiplicity must be the same.  One of the surprising results of Galileo's research was that all the globally mixed elements that he could measure in the Jovian atmosphere showed almost three times the enrichment of their values ​​in the sun compared to hydrogen.  It has important implications for the formation of the planet (see below the Origin of the Jovian system).  Ground spectroscopy shows a large spread of values ​​of other elements (phosphorus, germanium, and arsenic) that are not measured by research.  The abundance of gases that make up this elemental abundance depends on the dynamic phenomena in Jupiter's atmosphere - mainly chemical reactions and vertical mixing.  The importance of helium and neon deficiency is discussed in the following section.

   Another difference with solar values ​​is the presence of deuterium on Jupiter.  This heavy isotope of hydrogen has disappeared from the sun as a result of a nuclear reaction in the solar interior.  Since Jupiter has no such reaction, the ratio of deuterium and hydrogen there must be equal to the ratio of these isotopes in the interstellar gas and dust clouds that formed 4.6 billion years ago to form the solar system.  Since deuterium was formed in the Big Bang, which is said to have begun the expansion of the universe, more accurate measurement of the deuterium / hydrogen ratio on Jupiter will allow calibration of the expansion models.